Leishmanioses: avanços científicos no controlo, diagnóstico e epidemiologia moleculares no contexto dos países de língua oficial Portuguesa
Resumo
As leishmanioses são doenças tropicais negligenciadas causadas por parasitas protozoários do género Leishmania. Embora as estratégias e esforços de controle tenham contribuído para a redução da sua prevalência e impacto, até 1 milhão de casos ainda ocorrem por ano, e a leishmaniose visceral ainda mata até 90 000 pessoas anualmente. Alguns importantes avanços no controle da leishmaniose são apresentados e discutidos nesta revisão, com foco nos países de língua portuguesa. Compara-se a situação epidemiológica da leishmaniose humana em Portugal e no Brasil e analisam-se casos notificados noutros países. Os métodos de diagnóstico são revistos de forma breve e genómica e sistemas de aprendizagem de máquina (“machine learning”) são discutidos juntamente com a necessidade de algoritmos validados. O desenvolvimento de medicamentos e vacinas é discutido, incluindo o potencial para vacinas terapêuticas e de RNA. O advento da epidemiologia genómica é analisado, inclusivamente na redefinição da taxonomia de Leishmania, assim como o uso de ferramentas moleculares para identificação de potenciais reservatórios. Por fim, aborda-se os primeiros passos no desenvolvimento da medicina de precisão. Em conclusão, embora tenha havido avanços importantes no controle da leishmaniose, ainda permanecem desafios significativos, que podem ser efetivamente superados com o aumento do investimento e um maior compromisso político.Downloads
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