Uma nova ameaça à nossa porta: consequências da dispersão do vírus da dengue num mundo em constante mudança
Resumo
Dos arbovírus transmitidos por mosquitos, o vírus da dengue (DENV) é aquele que maior impacto exerce sobre a saúde humana. Ainda que a sua dispersão esteja, em parte, dependente das condições ambientais que determinam a dispersão do seu principal vetor (Aedes aegypti), a sua distribuição pelo planeta tem sido imparável. Embora essencialmente circunscrito a ambientes tropicais e subtropicais, este vírus afeta cerca de 1/3 da população mundial. A inexistência de uma vacina eficaz ou de terapêutica especificamente dirigida contra este vírus tornam o controlo dos seus principais vetores a principal arma de que dispomos para limitar a sua circulação. No entanto, a maioria das infeções são inaparentes e a maior parte das manifestações clínicas são indistintas, sendo genericamente englobadas na categoria das síndromes febris. Assim, a presença deste vírus nem sempre é fácil de detetar. Adicionalmente, o estabelecimento de populações vetoriais em ambientes urbanos abre oportunidade à aproximação entre vírus e humanos, e ao estabelecimento de epidemias em locais, a priori, pouco prováveis para que tal acontecesse. O surto de dengue na Madeira em 2012-2013 foi disso exemplo. Mais do que o impacto na saúde e economia locais, esta situação veio revelar o quão difícil é o controlo de circulação de arvobírus patogénicos, numa Europa parcialmente colonizada por outro dos seus principais vetores (Ae. albopictus) se poderá revelar.
Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
Referências
1. Almeida, A.P., Gonçalves Y.M., Novo, M.T., Sousa, C.A., Melim, M. & Grácio,
A.J. (2007) - “Vector monitoring of Aedes aegypti in the Autonomous Region of
Madeira, Portugal”. Euro Surveill., 12: E071115.6.
2. Almeida, A.P., Galão, R.P., Sousa, C.A., Novo, M.T., Parreira, R., Pinto, J.,
Piedade, J. & Esteves, A. (2008) - “Potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses in
Portugal: species, distribution, abundance and West Nile infection”. Trans R Soc Trop
Med Hyg., 102: 823-832.
3. Almeida, A.P., Freitas, F.B., Novo, M.T., Sousa, C.A., Rodrigues, J.C., Alves,
R. & Esteves, A. (2010) - “Mosquito surveys and West Nile virus screening in two
different areas of southern Portugal, 2004-2007”. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 10:
673-680.
4. Alves, M.J., Fernandes, P.L., Amaro, F., Osório, H., Luz, T., Parreira, P., Andrade,
G., Zé-Zé, L. & Zeller, H. (2013) - “Clinical presentation and laboratory findings
for the first autochthonous cases of dengue fever in Madeira island, Portugal,
October 2012”. Euro Surveill., 18: 20398.
5. Amarasinghe, A., Kuritsk, J.N., Letson, G.W. & Margolis, H.S. (2011) - “Den-
gue virus infection in Africa”. Emerg Infect Dis., 17: 1349-1354.
6. Bina, P.D., Katyal, R., Abhay, S., Raina, V.K., Saxena, V.K. & Lal, S. (2008) -
“Natural vertical transmission of dengue virus in peak summer collections of Aedes
aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from urban areas of Jaipur (Rajasthan) and Delhi”. J Commun
Dis., 40: 155-157.
7. Brown, J.E., Scholte, E.J., Dik, M., Den Hartog, W., Beeuwkes, J. & Powell,
J.R. (2010) - “Aedes aegypti mosquitoes imported into the Netherlands, 2010”.
Emerg Infect Dis., 17: 2335-2337.
8. Chevillon, C. & Failloux, A.B. (2003) - “Questions on viral population biology
to complete dengue puzzle”. Trends Microbiol., 11: 415-421.
9. Christophers, S.R. (1960) - Aedes aegypti (L.), the Yellow Fever mosquito. Cambridge
University Press, London, UK.
10. Chye, J.K., Lim, C.T., NG, K.B., Lim, J.M., George, R. & Lam, S.K. (1997) –
“Vertical transmission of dengue”. Clin Infect Dis., 25: 1374-1377.
11. Costa, L., Queiroz, J.S. & Reis, J.F. (1956) - “Notes on an entomological survey
conducted in the city of Lisbon and outskirts (article in Portuguese)”. Boletim dos
Serviços de Saúde Pública, III: 7-40.
12. Comunicado do Diretor-Geral da Saúde sobre casos de Dengue na Região
Autónoma da Madeira. 2012 [03.10.2012]; disponível em http://www.dgs.
pt/?mid=0&cr=23048.
13. Diallo, M., Sall, A.A., Moncayo, A.C., BA, Y., Fernandez, Z., Ortiz, D., Coffey,
L.L., Mathiot, C., Tesh, R.B., & Weaver S.C. (2005) - “Potential role of sylvatic
and domestic African mosquito species in dengue emergence”. Am J Trop Med Hyg.,
73: 445-449.
14. ECDC. (2013) [18.03.2013]. Dengue outbreak in Madeira, Portugal, October
- November 2012; disponível em http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/
Forms/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?ID=1077.
15. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-
-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Duričić, S., Betica-
Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., AvsićŽupanc,
T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Sarac, K., Benić, N. & Mlinarić-Galinović, G.
(2010) - “Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August-September 2010”. Euro
Surveill., 16: 19805.
16. Günther, J., Martínez-Muñoz, J.P., Pérez-Ishiwara, D.G. & Salas-Benito, J.
(2007) - “Evidence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in two endemic localities
in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico”. Intervirology, 50: 347-352.
17. Guzmán, M.G., Kouri, G., Valdes, L., Bravo, J., Alvarez, M., Vazques, S., Delgado,
I. & Halstead, S.B. (2000) - “Epidemiologic studies on Dengue in Santiago de
Cuba, 1997”. Am J Epidemiol., 152: 793-799.
18. Guzmán, M.G. & Kouri, G. (2008) - “Dengue haemorrhagic fever integral
hypothesis: confirming observations, 1987-2007”. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 102:
522-523.
19. Halstead, S.B. (1974) - “Etiologies of the experimental dengues of Siler and
Simmons”. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 23:974-982.
20. Halstead, S.B. (2009) - “Antibodies determine virulence in dengue”. Ann N Y
Acad Sci., 1171 Suppl 1: E48-56.
21. Halstead, S.B., Streit, T.G., Lafontant, J.G., Putvatana, R., Russell, K., Sun, W.,
Kanesa-Thasan, N., Hayes, C.G. & Watts, D.M. (2001) - “Haiti: absence of dengue
hemorrhagic fever despite hyperendemic dengue virus transmission”. Am J Trop Med
Hyg., 65: 180-183.
22. Harris, E., Holden, K.L., Edgil, D., Polacek, C. & Clyde, K. (2006) - “Molecular
biology of flaviviruses”. Novartis Found Symp., 277: 23-39.
23. Heinz, F.X. & Stiasny, K. (2012) - “Flaviviruses and flavivirus vaccines”. Vaccine,
30: 4301-4306.
24. Joshi, V., Singhi, M. & Chaudhary, R.C. (1996) - “Transovarial transmission of
dengue 3 virus by Aedes aegypti”. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 90: 643-644.
25. Joshi, V., Mourya, D.T. & Sharma, R.C. (2002) - “Persistence of dengue-3 virus
through transovarial transmission passage in successive generations of Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes”. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 67: 158-161.
26. La Ruche, G., Souarès, Y., Armengaud, A., Peloux-Petiot, F., Delaunay, P., Desprès,
P., Lenglet, A., Jourdain, F., Leparc-Goffart, I., Charlet, F., Ollier, L., Mantey,
K., Mollet, T., Fournier, J.P., Torrents, R., Leitmeyer, K., Hilairet, P., Zeller,
H., Van Bortel, W., Dejour-Salamanca, D., Grandadam, M. & Gastellu-Etchegorry,
M. (2010) - “First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan
France, September 2010”. Euro Surveill., 15: 19676.
27. Le Goff, G., Revollo, J., Guerra, M., Cruz. M., Barja Simon, Z., Roca, Y., Vargas
Florès, J. & Hervé, J.P. (2011) - “Natural vertical transmission of dengue viruses
by Aedes aegypti in Bolivia”. Parasite, 18: 277-280.
28. Leitmeyer, K.C., Vaughn, D.W., Watts, D.M., Salas, R., Villalobos, I., De Chacon,
Ramos, C. & Rico-Hesse, R. (1999) - “Dengue virus structural differences that
correlate with pathogenesis”. J Virol., 73: 4738-4747.
29. Louis, C. (2012) - “Daily newspaper view of dengue fever epidemic, Athens,
Greece, 1927-1931”. Emerg Infect Dis., 18: 78-82.
30. Messer, W.B., Gubler, D.J., Harris, E., Sivananthan, K. & De Silva, A.M. (2003)
- ”Emergence and global spread of a dengue serotype 3, subtype III virus. Emerg
Infect Dis., 9: 800-809.
31. Mitchell, C.J. & Miller, B.R. (1990) - “Vertical transmission of dengue viruses
by strains of Aedes albopictus recently introduced into Brazil”. J Am Mosq Control Assoc.,
6: 251-253.
32. Mukhopadhyay, S., Kuhn, R.J. & Rossmann, M.G. (2005) - “A structural perspective
of the flavivirus life cycle”. Nat Rev Microbiol., 3: 13-22.
33. Mulyatno, K.C., Yamanaka, A., Yotopranoto, S. & Konishi, E. (2012) - “Vertical
transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti collected in Surabaya, Indonesia, during
2008-2011”. Jpn J Infect Dis., 65: 274-276.
34. Paho. (2009) - Eligibility for Blood Donation: Recommendations for Education
and Selection of Prospective Blood Donors. Washington D.C.: Pan American
Health Organization [05.10.2012] (disponível em http://www2.paho.org/hq/
dmdocuments/2009/EligiBlood09EN.pdf).
35. Pang, T., Cardosa, M.J. & Guzmán, M.G. (2007) - “Of cascades and perfect
storms: the immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome
(DHF/DSS)”. Immunol Cell Biol., 85: 43-45.
36. Rezza, G., Nicoletti, L., Angelini, R., Romi, R., Finarelli, A.C., Panning, M.,
Cordioli, P., Fortuna, C., Boros, S., Magurano, F., Silvi, G., Angelini, P., Dottori,
M., Ciufolini, M.G., Majori, G.C., Cassone, A. & Chikv Study Group (2007) - “Infection
with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region”. Lancet,
370: 1840-1846.
37. Roberts, D.R., Peyton, E.L., Pinheiro, F.P., Balderrama, F. & Vargas, R. (1984)
- “Associations of arbovirus vectors with gallery forests and domestic environments
in southeastern Bolivia”. Bull Pan Am Health Organ., 18: 337-350.
38. Rosen, L., Shroyer, D.A., Tesh, R.B., Freier, J.E. & Lien, J.C. (1983) - “Transovarial
transmission of dengue viruses by mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus and Aedes
aegypti”. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 32: 1108-1119.
39. Scott T.W. & Takken, W. (2012) - “Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes
result in increased risk of pathogen transmission”. Trends Parasitol., 28: 114-121.
40. Shroyer, D.A. (1990) - “Vertical maintenance of dengue-1 virus in sequential
generations of Aedes albopictus”. J Am Mosq Control Assoc., 6: 312-314.
41. Snow, K. & Ramsdale, C. (1999). - “Distribution chart for European mosquitoes”.
European Mosquito Bulletin, 3: 14-31.
42. Straetemans, M. & Ecdc Consultation Group On Vector-Related Risk For Chikungunya
Virus Transmission In Europe (2008) - “Vector-related risk mapping of
the introduction and establishment of Aedes albopictus in Europe”. Euro Surveill., 13:
8040.
43. Suaya, J.A., Sheprd, D.S. & Beatty, M.E. (2007) - “Dengue burden of disease
and costs of illness”. Working paper 3.2 in: Report of the Scientific Working Group
meeting on Dengue, Geneva, 1-5 October 2006. Geneva, World Health Organization,
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Genebra, Suiça.
44. Thenmozhi, V., Tewari, S.C., Manavalan, R., Balasubramanian, A. & Gajanana,
A. (2000) - “Natural vertical transmission of dengue viruses in Aedes aegypt in southern
India”. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 94: 507.
45. Thenmozhi, V., Hiriyan, J.G., Tewari, S.C., Philip Samuel, P., Paramasivan, R.,
Rajendran, R., Mani, T.R. & Tyagi, B.K. (2007) - “Natural vertical transmission
of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kerala, a southern Indian
state”. Jpn J Infect Dis., 60: 245-249.
46. Vasilakis, N. & Weaver, S.C. (2008) - “The history and evolution of human dengue
emergence”. Adv Virus Res., 72: 1-76.
47. Vasilakis, N., Cardosa, J., Hanley, K.A., Holmes, E.C. & Weaver, S.C. (2011)
- ”Fever from the forest: prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue
virus and its impact on public health”. Author manuscript; Nat Rev Microbiol., 9:
532–541.
48. Wang, E., Ni, H., Xu, R., Barrett, A.D., Watowich, S.J., Gubler, D.J. & Weaver,
S.C. (2000) - “Evolutionary relationships of endemic/epidemic and sylvatic
dengue viruses”. J. Virol., 74: 3227–3234.
49. Welsch, S., Miller, S., Romero-Brey, I., Merz, A., Bleck, C.K., Walther, P., Fuller,
S.D., Antony, C., Krijnse-Locker, J. Bartenschlager, R, (2009) - “Composition
and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly
sites”. Cell Host Microbe., 5: 365-375.
50. White, G.B. (2003) - “Mosquitoes”. In: Cook GC e Zumla A. Eds. Manson’s
Tropical Diseases, Appendix IV, Medical Acarology and Entomology. 21ª edição, W.B.
Saunders, Elsevier Science, Ltd, Londres, Reino Unido.
51. WHO (1997) - Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.
World Health Organization, 2ª edição. Genebra, Suíça.
52. WHO (2008) - Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Factsheet Nº117, revisão de
maio de 2008. Geneve, World Health Organization, (disponível em http://www.
who.int/mediacentre/factsheet/fs117/en/).
53. WHO (2009) - Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.
Geneve, World Health Organization, Genebra, Suíça.
54. WHO (2012) - Handbook of clinical management of dengue. Geneve, World
Health Organization, Genebra, Suíça.
55. Wiwanitkit, V. (2009) - “Unusual mode of transmission of dengue”. J Infect Dev
Ctries., 4: 51-54.
56. Yee, D.A. (2008) - “Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within
the eastern United States”. J Med Entomol., 45: 581-593.
57. Normile D. (2013) – “Tropical medicine.Surprising new dengue virus throws a
spanner in disease control efforts”. Science, 342(6157):415
A.J. (2007) - “Vector monitoring of Aedes aegypti in the Autonomous Region of
Madeira, Portugal”. Euro Surveill., 12: E071115.6.
2. Almeida, A.P., Galão, R.P., Sousa, C.A., Novo, M.T., Parreira, R., Pinto, J.,
Piedade, J. & Esteves, A. (2008) - “Potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses in
Portugal: species, distribution, abundance and West Nile infection”. Trans R Soc Trop
Med Hyg., 102: 823-832.
3. Almeida, A.P., Freitas, F.B., Novo, M.T., Sousa, C.A., Rodrigues, J.C., Alves,
R. & Esteves, A. (2010) - “Mosquito surveys and West Nile virus screening in two
different areas of southern Portugal, 2004-2007”. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 10:
673-680.
4. Alves, M.J., Fernandes, P.L., Amaro, F., Osório, H., Luz, T., Parreira, P., Andrade,
G., Zé-Zé, L. & Zeller, H. (2013) - “Clinical presentation and laboratory findings
for the first autochthonous cases of dengue fever in Madeira island, Portugal,
October 2012”. Euro Surveill., 18: 20398.
5. Amarasinghe, A., Kuritsk, J.N., Letson, G.W. & Margolis, H.S. (2011) - “Den-
gue virus infection in Africa”. Emerg Infect Dis., 17: 1349-1354.
6. Bina, P.D., Katyal, R., Abhay, S., Raina, V.K., Saxena, V.K. & Lal, S. (2008) -
“Natural vertical transmission of dengue virus in peak summer collections of Aedes
aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from urban areas of Jaipur (Rajasthan) and Delhi”. J Commun
Dis., 40: 155-157.
7. Brown, J.E., Scholte, E.J., Dik, M., Den Hartog, W., Beeuwkes, J. & Powell,
J.R. (2010) - “Aedes aegypti mosquitoes imported into the Netherlands, 2010”.
Emerg Infect Dis., 17: 2335-2337.
8. Chevillon, C. & Failloux, A.B. (2003) - “Questions on viral population biology
to complete dengue puzzle”. Trends Microbiol., 11: 415-421.
9. Christophers, S.R. (1960) - Aedes aegypti (L.), the Yellow Fever mosquito. Cambridge
University Press, London, UK.
10. Chye, J.K., Lim, C.T., NG, K.B., Lim, J.M., George, R. & Lam, S.K. (1997) –
“Vertical transmission of dengue”. Clin Infect Dis., 25: 1374-1377.
11. Costa, L., Queiroz, J.S. & Reis, J.F. (1956) - “Notes on an entomological survey
conducted in the city of Lisbon and outskirts (article in Portuguese)”. Boletim dos
Serviços de Saúde Pública, III: 7-40.
12. Comunicado do Diretor-Geral da Saúde sobre casos de Dengue na Região
Autónoma da Madeira. 2012 [03.10.2012]; disponível em http://www.dgs.
pt/?mid=0&cr=23048.
13. Diallo, M., Sall, A.A., Moncayo, A.C., BA, Y., Fernandez, Z., Ortiz, D., Coffey,
L.L., Mathiot, C., Tesh, R.B., & Weaver S.C. (2005) - “Potential role of sylvatic
and domestic African mosquito species in dengue emergence”. Am J Trop Med Hyg.,
73: 445-449.
14. ECDC. (2013) [18.03.2013]. Dengue outbreak in Madeira, Portugal, October
- November 2012; disponível em http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/
Forms/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?ID=1077.
15. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-
-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Duričić, S., Betica-
Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., AvsićŽupanc,
T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Sarac, K., Benić, N. & Mlinarić-Galinović, G.
(2010) - “Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August-September 2010”. Euro
Surveill., 16: 19805.
16. Günther, J., Martínez-Muñoz, J.P., Pérez-Ishiwara, D.G. & Salas-Benito, J.
(2007) - “Evidence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in two endemic localities
in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico”. Intervirology, 50: 347-352.
17. Guzmán, M.G., Kouri, G., Valdes, L., Bravo, J., Alvarez, M., Vazques, S., Delgado,
I. & Halstead, S.B. (2000) - “Epidemiologic studies on Dengue in Santiago de
Cuba, 1997”. Am J Epidemiol., 152: 793-799.
18. Guzmán, M.G. & Kouri, G. (2008) - “Dengue haemorrhagic fever integral
hypothesis: confirming observations, 1987-2007”. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 102:
522-523.
19. Halstead, S.B. (1974) - “Etiologies of the experimental dengues of Siler and
Simmons”. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 23:974-982.
20. Halstead, S.B. (2009) - “Antibodies determine virulence in dengue”. Ann N Y
Acad Sci., 1171 Suppl 1: E48-56.
21. Halstead, S.B., Streit, T.G., Lafontant, J.G., Putvatana, R., Russell, K., Sun, W.,
Kanesa-Thasan, N., Hayes, C.G. & Watts, D.M. (2001) - “Haiti: absence of dengue
hemorrhagic fever despite hyperendemic dengue virus transmission”. Am J Trop Med
Hyg., 65: 180-183.
22. Harris, E., Holden, K.L., Edgil, D., Polacek, C. & Clyde, K. (2006) - “Molecular
biology of flaviviruses”. Novartis Found Symp., 277: 23-39.
23. Heinz, F.X. & Stiasny, K. (2012) - “Flaviviruses and flavivirus vaccines”. Vaccine,
30: 4301-4306.
24. Joshi, V., Singhi, M. & Chaudhary, R.C. (1996) - “Transovarial transmission of
dengue 3 virus by Aedes aegypti”. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 90: 643-644.
25. Joshi, V., Mourya, D.T. & Sharma, R.C. (2002) - “Persistence of dengue-3 virus
through transovarial transmission passage in successive generations of Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes”. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 67: 158-161.
26. La Ruche, G., Souarès, Y., Armengaud, A., Peloux-Petiot, F., Delaunay, P., Desprès,
P., Lenglet, A., Jourdain, F., Leparc-Goffart, I., Charlet, F., Ollier, L., Mantey,
K., Mollet, T., Fournier, J.P., Torrents, R., Leitmeyer, K., Hilairet, P., Zeller,
H., Van Bortel, W., Dejour-Salamanca, D., Grandadam, M. & Gastellu-Etchegorry,
M. (2010) - “First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan
France, September 2010”. Euro Surveill., 15: 19676.
27. Le Goff, G., Revollo, J., Guerra, M., Cruz. M., Barja Simon, Z., Roca, Y., Vargas
Florès, J. & Hervé, J.P. (2011) - “Natural vertical transmission of dengue viruses
by Aedes aegypti in Bolivia”. Parasite, 18: 277-280.
28. Leitmeyer, K.C., Vaughn, D.W., Watts, D.M., Salas, R., Villalobos, I., De Chacon,
Ramos, C. & Rico-Hesse, R. (1999) - “Dengue virus structural differences that
correlate with pathogenesis”. J Virol., 73: 4738-4747.
29. Louis, C. (2012) - “Daily newspaper view of dengue fever epidemic, Athens,
Greece, 1927-1931”. Emerg Infect Dis., 18: 78-82.
30. Messer, W.B., Gubler, D.J., Harris, E., Sivananthan, K. & De Silva, A.M. (2003)
- ”Emergence and global spread of a dengue serotype 3, subtype III virus. Emerg
Infect Dis., 9: 800-809.
31. Mitchell, C.J. & Miller, B.R. (1990) - “Vertical transmission of dengue viruses
by strains of Aedes albopictus recently introduced into Brazil”. J Am Mosq Control Assoc.,
6: 251-253.
32. Mukhopadhyay, S., Kuhn, R.J. & Rossmann, M.G. (2005) - “A structural perspective
of the flavivirus life cycle”. Nat Rev Microbiol., 3: 13-22.
33. Mulyatno, K.C., Yamanaka, A., Yotopranoto, S. & Konishi, E. (2012) - “Vertical
transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti collected in Surabaya, Indonesia, during
2008-2011”. Jpn J Infect Dis., 65: 274-276.
34. Paho. (2009) - Eligibility for Blood Donation: Recommendations for Education
and Selection of Prospective Blood Donors. Washington D.C.: Pan American
Health Organization [05.10.2012] (disponível em http://www2.paho.org/hq/
dmdocuments/2009/EligiBlood09EN.pdf).
35. Pang, T., Cardosa, M.J. & Guzmán, M.G. (2007) - “Of cascades and perfect
storms: the immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome
(DHF/DSS)”. Immunol Cell Biol., 85: 43-45.
36. Rezza, G., Nicoletti, L., Angelini, R., Romi, R., Finarelli, A.C., Panning, M.,
Cordioli, P., Fortuna, C., Boros, S., Magurano, F., Silvi, G., Angelini, P., Dottori,
M., Ciufolini, M.G., Majori, G.C., Cassone, A. & Chikv Study Group (2007) - “Infection
with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region”. Lancet,
370: 1840-1846.
37. Roberts, D.R., Peyton, E.L., Pinheiro, F.P., Balderrama, F. & Vargas, R. (1984)
- “Associations of arbovirus vectors with gallery forests and domestic environments
in southeastern Bolivia”. Bull Pan Am Health Organ., 18: 337-350.
38. Rosen, L., Shroyer, D.A., Tesh, R.B., Freier, J.E. & Lien, J.C. (1983) - “Transovarial
transmission of dengue viruses by mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus and Aedes
aegypti”. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 32: 1108-1119.
39. Scott T.W. & Takken, W. (2012) - “Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes
result in increased risk of pathogen transmission”. Trends Parasitol., 28: 114-121.
40. Shroyer, D.A. (1990) - “Vertical maintenance of dengue-1 virus in sequential
generations of Aedes albopictus”. J Am Mosq Control Assoc., 6: 312-314.
41. Snow, K. & Ramsdale, C. (1999). - “Distribution chart for European mosquitoes”.
European Mosquito Bulletin, 3: 14-31.
42. Straetemans, M. & Ecdc Consultation Group On Vector-Related Risk For Chikungunya
Virus Transmission In Europe (2008) - “Vector-related risk mapping of
the introduction and establishment of Aedes albopictus in Europe”. Euro Surveill., 13:
8040.
43. Suaya, J.A., Sheprd, D.S. & Beatty, M.E. (2007) - “Dengue burden of disease
and costs of illness”. Working paper 3.2 in: Report of the Scientific Working Group
meeting on Dengue, Geneva, 1-5 October 2006. Geneva, World Health Organization,
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Genebra, Suiça.
44. Thenmozhi, V., Tewari, S.C., Manavalan, R., Balasubramanian, A. & Gajanana,
A. (2000) - “Natural vertical transmission of dengue viruses in Aedes aegypt in southern
India”. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 94: 507.
45. Thenmozhi, V., Hiriyan, J.G., Tewari, S.C., Philip Samuel, P., Paramasivan, R.,
Rajendran, R., Mani, T.R. & Tyagi, B.K. (2007) - “Natural vertical transmission
of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kerala, a southern Indian
state”. Jpn J Infect Dis., 60: 245-249.
46. Vasilakis, N. & Weaver, S.C. (2008) - “The history and evolution of human dengue
emergence”. Adv Virus Res., 72: 1-76.
47. Vasilakis, N., Cardosa, J., Hanley, K.A., Holmes, E.C. & Weaver, S.C. (2011)
- ”Fever from the forest: prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue
virus and its impact on public health”. Author manuscript; Nat Rev Microbiol., 9:
532–541.
48. Wang, E., Ni, H., Xu, R., Barrett, A.D., Watowich, S.J., Gubler, D.J. & Weaver,
S.C. (2000) - “Evolutionary relationships of endemic/epidemic and sylvatic
dengue viruses”. J. Virol., 74: 3227–3234.
49. Welsch, S., Miller, S., Romero-Brey, I., Merz, A., Bleck, C.K., Walther, P., Fuller,
S.D., Antony, C., Krijnse-Locker, J. Bartenschlager, R, (2009) - “Composition
and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly
sites”. Cell Host Microbe., 5: 365-375.
50. White, G.B. (2003) - “Mosquitoes”. In: Cook GC e Zumla A. Eds. Manson’s
Tropical Diseases, Appendix IV, Medical Acarology and Entomology. 21ª edição, W.B.
Saunders, Elsevier Science, Ltd, Londres, Reino Unido.
51. WHO (1997) - Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.
World Health Organization, 2ª edição. Genebra, Suíça.
52. WHO (2008) - Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Factsheet Nº117, revisão de
maio de 2008. Geneve, World Health Organization, (disponível em http://www.
who.int/mediacentre/factsheet/fs117/en/).
53. WHO (2009) - Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.
Geneve, World Health Organization, Genebra, Suíça.
54. WHO (2012) - Handbook of clinical management of dengue. Geneve, World
Health Organization, Genebra, Suíça.
55. Wiwanitkit, V. (2009) - “Unusual mode of transmission of dengue”. J Infect Dev
Ctries., 4: 51-54.
56. Yee, D.A. (2008) - “Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within
the eastern United States”. J Med Entomol., 45: 581-593.
57. Normile D. (2013) – “Tropical medicine.Surprising new dengue virus throws a
spanner in disease control efforts”. Science, 342(6157):415
Publicado
2018-09-08
Como Citar
1.
Soares Parreira RM, Marques da Silva de Atouguia JL, Sousa CA. Uma nova ameaça à nossa porta: consequências da dispersão do vírus da dengue num mundo em constante mudança. ihmt [Internet]. 8Set.2018 [citado 19Abr.2024];12:46-1. Available from: https://anaisihmt.com/index.php/ihmt/article/view/190
Secção
Artigos Originais
